“丝绸之路经济带”框架下的能源合作

通过对“丝绸之路经济带”线路及辐射区与能源合作线路对比分析,概述了能源合作与“丝绸之路经济带”框架下的经贸合作产业合作、互联互通、区域经济合作、金融合作四个方面的关联。并从国际地缘政治、经贸合作、强化国际能源合作机制等维度,归纳了“丝绸之路经济带”能源合作的重大战略意义。     

Nuclear licensing in the United States: enhancing public confidence in the regulatory process

A nuclear regulator’s paramount purpose is to utilize its expertise to ensure protection of public safety. But, recent actions by countries, such as Germany, to phase out nuclear power illustrate that public perception of nuclear safety can change swiftly despite a country’s long history of safely operating nuclear power plants. Public trust, acceptance, and involvement in nuclear regulatory decisions, therefore, are critical to a successful nuclear power program. In the United States, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (‘NRC’) has a long-standing practice of conducting its regulatory responsibilities in an open and transparent manner. The NRC, as a regular part of its decision-making process, also reaches out to affected and interested parties and invites their involvement in its regulatory processes. The NRC’s efforts to instill public confidence are an explicit recognition that nuclear safety and security are the public’s business. While the NRC must balance the public’s rights to participate in the licensing process with the applicant’s right to an efficient and timely licensing decision on an application, ultimately the NRC’s decision-making process is more effective and more broadly accepted by the public when it includes participation of a diverse range of interested and affected parties.     

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF POLICY RESTRICTIONS ON WATER WITHDRAWALS FROM SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND SOURCES

The appropriation of water for economic activities is limited by regional surface and underground endowments, and symptoms of environmentally unsustainable withdrawals are already visible in many regions of the world. In this paper we investigate the economic implications of water policy imposing source- and region-specific restrictions on water withdrawals taking the Mexican economy as a case study. We use an inter-regional input–output model of Mexico's hydro-economic regions to allocate production subject to the availability of water and other factors of production. Water sustainability requires a reduction of 7.5?km³/yr of groundwater withdrawals, which is compensated by an increase of 3.4?km³/yr of surface water, an expansion onto an additional 1.4 million hectares of rainfed land, and modifications in subnational patterns of food trade. This framework for evaluating scenarios describing sustainability-oriented water policies is readily applicable to other regions.     

EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION OF NON-LINEAR INPUT–OUTPUT MODELS: AN ENTROPY ECONOMETRICS APPROACH

Despite theoretical advances, non-linear input–output models have been empirically applied only to a limited extent. This is mainly due to the fact that the number of parameters to be estimated is much higher than the number of available data points. Taking advantage of the recent proliferation of input–output databases and by applying an estimation strategy that relies on entropy econometrics, this paper suggests a way to estimate the parameters that characterize non-linear relationships between inputs and output. This non-linear modelling allows for considering time-specific input coefficients, instead of fixed ones. Several types of multipliers can be derived from this non-linear model, and the proposed generalized maximum entropy (GME) estimator allows estimating them from time series or cross-sectional datasets of input–output tables. The proposed GME technique is illustrated by means of an empirical application that estimates the parameters that characterize a non-linear input–output model for the Spanish economy over the period 1995–2011.     

中国新能源汽车产业创新系统功能演化研究--兼论政府措施的作用

新能源汽车产业是中国重点发展的七大战略性新兴产业之一,剖析其创新系统的发展与完善过程,识别发展过程中的影响因素,并了解政府在这一演化过程中如何进行介入和引导,对新能源汽车以及其他新兴产业的发展具有重要的理论与实践价值。本文以创新系统功能理论为基础,构建了针对中国新能源汽车产业创新系统演化分析的功能框架,剖析了中国新能源汽车产业创新系统功能体系的发展与完善过程,同时讨论了政府措施在这一过程中的引导与支撑作用。研究发现,中国新能源汽车产业创新体系正处于快速完善阶段,知识获取、产业制度体系建设等功能已经成熟,而基础设施与支撑平台建设、产业链整合与升级以及正向外部性创造等功能仍有待于进一步完善。同时发现,这一过程中政府采取的各种措施与产业发展过程中遇到的阻碍因素密切相关,措施的类型与着力点也随着各种阻碍因素的出现不断变化,发挥了积极的引导作用。     

基于产业结构的我国能源消耗与经济增长关系研究

能源消耗与经济增长间的关系,为我国发展低碳经济、优化产业结构提供理论依据。基于对我国30个省的产业结构分类,本文运用计量经济方法对不同产业结构下省域的经济增长与能源消耗间的关系,以及同一产业结构内部不同省的经济增长与能源消耗的关系进行实证研究。研究发现：经济增长与能源消耗保持长期协整关系,不受产业结构的影响;对于相同产业结构内部的不同省,其经济增长与能源消耗间的关系存在差异。最后,本文针对不同省域的具体情况提出建议。     

跨区域能源调度与经济增长关系研究--来自西气东输工程的证据

自2002年以来,中国陆续实施了西气东输工程一、二、三线工程的建设,这可以看作是国家在跨区域能源调度方面进行的一次自然实验。本文构造1999～2011年西气东输工程沿线经过城市和未经过城市的面板数据,采用双重差分法对西气东输工程的实施影响沿线地区经济增长的效果进行验证。结果表明,这一工程的实施显著地促进了沿线城市的经济增长,相比未经过的城市,西气东输工程将沿线城市的经济增长速度提高了约2畅1个百分点。国家在调节区域均衡发展时,需要进一步挖掘重大跨区域资源调度项目的经济辐射带动作用。     

中国碳排放强度影响因素的实证研究

运用计量经济模型从能源强度、产业结构和能源结构3个方面研究了影响中国碳排放强度的因素,研究表明,能源强度的提高能够使碳排放强度上升,第二产业、第三产业以及非化石能源比重的提高能够使碳排放强度下降,并对2010年和2011年中国碳排放强度变化做了分解,研究表明中国碳排放强度的下降主要是由能源效率减排引起的,基于以上研究提出当前应优化产业结构和稳步提高非化石能源比重等建议,对于政府制定节能减排政策具有一定的借鉴意义。     

城市规模、城市结构、产业集聚度与城市能耗

能源是城市经济发展的基础资源,在城市化的进程中,城市的人口、产业、交通、建筑等各要素决定了城市能耗的高低,它们共同形成了不同的城市规模、结构,以及产业结构。本文利用全局主成分析法与固定效应模型,分析发现我国城市发展进程中,东、中、西部城市的规模、结构、产业集聚度的差异所引致的城市能源消耗增长率完全不同。为提高能源利用效率,东部地区应继续发挥产业集聚效应和技术优势,并大力提高城市交通运行效率。同时,中部地区应加快产业结构调整和升级,加强城市用地的合理规划。西部地区则应提高城市密度,改善大而散的城市结构。     

基于C-D函数的高新技术产业科技投入产出效率分析

研究采用Eviews 6.0计量经济学软件,根据中国高新技术产业1999年-2012年相关数据,采用滞后变量模型和回归分析的方法,对高新技术产业科技投入与产出之间关系进行了实证分析,并得出结论。从总体上看,科技投入在短期内极大地促进了高新技术产业的发展;从长期来看,科技投入的短促性非常明显,当滞后期为4年或4年以上时,科技投入这一生产要素已不具有显著性。